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Cheruiyot, who previously claimed the 10km title in Daegu in 2011 and is also a two-time world 5000m champion, clocked a winning time of 31 minutes, 41.41 seconds in Beijing.
The Former double world champion made a surprising comeback after a maternity break.
World number one and former world indoor 1500m champion Gelete Burka of Ethiopia claimed silver in 31:41.77, while American Emily Infeld took bronze